Resources

Projects global data center electricity consumption will double to 945 TWh by 2030, with AI-driven servers growing at 30% annually.

IEA ↗

Detailed analysis of how AI workloads are driving data center electricity growth, with data centers consuming ~415 TWh (1.5% of global electricity) in 2024.

IEA ↗

Annual electricity market report covering global demand trends including data center growth as a major driver.

IEA ↗

U.S. data center electricity tripled from 58 TWh (2014) to 176 TWh (2023), projected to reach 325–580 TWh by 2028.

Lawrence Berkeley National Lab ↗

Accessible summary of the LBNL report with key findings on data center load growth and projections.

Lawrence Berkeley National Lab ↗

Data centers could account for 9–17% of total U.S. electricity consumption by 2030, with AI power demand potentially exceeding 50 GW.

EPRI ↗

Updated findings showing a 60% increase over 2024 estimates for AI-driven electricity demand.

EPRI ↗

Data center power demand growing 165% by 2030, with $720 billion needed for grid upgrades.

Goldman Sachs ↗

The six factors driving and constraining data center power growth, with AI's share rising from 14% to 27% by 2027.

Goldman Sachs ↗

U.S. data center power demand could reach 606 TWh (11.7% of total demand) by 2030, requiring $500B+ in infrastructure investment.

McKinsey ↗

Challenges in building data center capacity fast enough to meet AI demand, with a projected 3.5x capacity increase by 2030.

McKinsey ↗

AI data center power demand could surge 30x by 2035 (from 4 GW to 123 GW), based on a survey of 120 industry executives.

Deloitte ↗

Data investigation showing wholesale electricity costs up 267% in areas near data centers, with costs passed to residential consumers.

Bloomberg ↗

How data center demand is driving residential electricity rate increases and the mechanisms by which costs are passed to consumers.

CNBC ↗

Policy brief on the engineering and policy approaches needed to address data center electricity challenges.

Harvard Belfer Center ↗

How data center growth is contributing to rate increases, with low-income households spending up to 20% of income on energy.

EESI ↗

Non-partisan overview of data center energy consumption, efficiency metrics, and policy considerations.

Congressional Research Service ↗

Department of Energy's main page on data center energy efficiency programs, research, and policy initiatives.

DOE ↗

DOE announcement of the LBNL data center energy report with key findings and policy implications.

DOE ↗

EPA/DOE ENERGY STAR resources for data center energy efficiency, including certification standards and best practices.

EPA / ENERGY STAR ↗

Landmark December 2025 order directing PJM to establish rules for data centers co-locating with generating facilities.

FERC ↗

Plain-language fact sheet on FERC's new rules for data center interconnection and cost allocation.

FERC ↗

Federal assessment of AI infrastructure power needs and permitting challenges, establishing a Task Force on AI Datacenter Infrastructure.

White House ↗

Legal analysis of regulatory approaches to protect residential ratepayers from data center-driven cost increases.

Georgetown Law ↗

Academic analysis of the mechanisms by which data center growth translates to residential rate increases.

Harvard Law School ↗

Congressional letter urging state energy regulators to protect residential ratepayers from data center-related cost hikes.

U.S. Senate (Sen. Markey) ↗

Overview of 300+ state bills filed in 2026 addressing data center energy use, tax breaks, and consumer protections.

Stateline / Pew ↗

Interactive tool to explore U.S. electricity generation, consumption, prices, and emissions data at national, state, and utility levels.

EIA ↗

Monthly statistical report on U.S. electric power industry including generation, consumption, sales, revenue, and average retail prices.

EIA ↗

Retail electricity sales, revenue, and average price by state and sector — the closest proxy for retail rate tracking.

EIA ↗

Commercial electricity demand grew fastest in states with rapid computing facility growth, led by Virginia and Texas.

EIA ↗

Commercial computing electricity use could surpass space cooling and ventilation as the top end-use.

EIA ↗

DOE-funded database providing rate structure information for over 3,700 U.S. utilities, searchable by utility or location.

OpenEI ↗

Interactive web application for searching and comparing U.S. utility rate structures, with API access available.

OpenEI ↗

Comprehensive database of state, local, utility, and federal incentives and policies promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency.

NC State University ↗

PJM capacity auction reporting where data center-related costs totaled $21.3 billion across three consecutive auctions.

PJM Interconnection ↗

Free tool that compares your home's energy use to similar homes on a 1–100 scale, with recommendations for improvement.

ENERGY STAR ↗

DOE program rating home energy efficiency on a 1–10 scale based on a standard assessment of the home's envelope and systems.

DOE ↗

The nation's largest residential whole-house energy efficiency program, reducing energy costs for low-income households.

DOE ↗

Leading nonprofit research organization focused on energy efficiency policy, including how efficiency can offset data center demand growth.

ACEEE ↗

How energy efficiency and demand flexibility can reduce data center energy use and peak demand at the lowest cost.

ACEEE ↗

National standards organization for home energy auditing and performance improvement, with DOE-recognized certifications.

BPI ↗

Overview of IRA financial incentives for residential energy efficiency and electrification, including HOMES and HEEHRA rebate programs totaling $8.8 billion.

Congressional Research Service ↗

The 15th annual global survey of data center operators, covering costs, power constraints, AI challenges, and PUE trends.

Uptime Institute ↗

Central hub for data center research, including annual surveys, outage analyses, and sustainability reports.

Uptime Institute ↗

Leading industry publication covering data center news, with extensive reporting on energy demand, grid impacts, and regulatory developments.

DCD ↗

Global database of 10,575+ data centers across 174 countries, allowing users to explore locations, operators, and capacity by region.

Datacenter Map ↗

Berkeley Lab's dedicated research center for data center energy efficiency, including tools, benchmarks, and best practices.

Lawrence Berkeley National Lab ↗

In-depth reporting on how data centers impact utility planning, capacity markets, and ratepayer costs.

Utility Dive ↗

Compare residential electricity rates by zip code and see how AI data center demand affects energy costs in your area.

Malachi.Energy

Model the financial returns of energy efficiency investments under different rate scenarios.

Malachi.Energy

Get a quick benchmark of your building's energy performance.

Malachi.Energy